INTELLIGENCE

Anti Terrorism Accreditation Board

Emergency Response Manual

Chapter 160

Introduction to Intelligence

Defining Intelligence

• INFORMATION:

Before defining intelligence, it is essential to understand the meaning of "information" in the context of this process.

Information may defined as“ pieces of raw, unanalyzed data that identifies persons, evidence, events, or illustrates processes that indicate the incidence of a criminal event or witnesses or evidence of a criminal event.”

DEFINING INTELLIGENCE

Examples of Information:

• Criminal history and driving records
• Offense reporting records
• Statements by informants, witnesses, and suspects
• Registration information for motor vehicles, watercraft, and aircraft
• Licensing details about vehicle operators and professional licenses of all forms

DEFINING INTELLIGENCE

• Observations of behaviors and incidents by investigators, surveillance teams, or citizens

DEFINING INTELLIGENCE

• Details about banking, investments, credit reports, and other financial matters

DEFINING INTELLIGENCE

• Descriptions of travel including the traveler(s) names, itinerary, methods of travel, date, time, locations, etc.

DEFINING INTELLIGENCE

• Capturing this information and also compiling historical data pertaining to a Crime, Criminal, Criminal Enterprise or Terrorist Network is important and contributes to an assessment of the threat, but this information is never sufficient if we have to detect and prevent further threats of this type or mitigate the effects of this threat itself.
• This can only be achieved if this very information is analytically vetted so as to give us a predictive capability and this is what analyzed information exactly is—Intelligence.

DEFINITION

• The Intelligence-Led Policing report funded by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services observes that:

…intelligence is the combination of credible information with quality analysis–information that has been evaluated and from which conclusions have been drawn.

DEFINITION

• Similarly, the Global Intelligence Working Group, a project funded by the Office of Justice Programs and is part of the Global Information Sharing Initiative, discusses law enforcement intelligence by observing:

…the collection and analysis of information to produce an intelligence end product designed to inform law enforcement decision making at both the tactical and strategic levels.

International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts

• The International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts (IALEIA) states that intelligence is an analytic process:

…deriving meaning from fact. It is taking information collected in the course of an investigation, or from internal or external files, and arriving at something more than was evident before.

This could be leads in a case, a more accurate view of a crime problem, a forecast of future crime levels, a hypothesis of who may have committed a crime or a strategy to prevent crime.

DEFINITION

• As observed by FBI Deputy Assistant Director of the Office of Intelligence Robert Casey:

In the law enforcement and national security business, [intelligence] is information about those who would do us harm in the form of terrorist acts or other crimes, be they property crimes or violent crimes. … [The FBI OI] produces both “raw” (or un-evaluated intelligence) and “finished” intelligence products (those that report intelligence that has had some degree of analysis)

DEFINITION

• The Department of Defense (DoD) defines intelligence as “the product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation (author’s emphasis) of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations.”
• The term is also applied to the activity, which results in the product and to the organizations engaged in such activity.
• The intelligence community on the whole has accepted and adopted this definition.

PROPER CONTEXT

• Law enforcement intelligence, for example, is defined somewhat differently by the FBI than it is by state, local, and tribal law enforcement (SLTLE).
• The reason for the difference is based on the sources of information used by the FBI and the responsibility it holds for disseminating unique critical information in a timely fashion.
• The important point is that the consumer simply needs to know the different definitions and the different context. With this knowledge, information can be interpreted and used most effectively.

INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING

• Intelligence-led-policing has come to the fore in recent times.
• Generally law enforcement agencies do not employ or practice intelligence functions in the classic sense - which is to say they do not conduct or engage in any type of predictive analysis.
• Instead, they engage in ‘intelligence practice’ by calling information, gleaned from investigations, that has not been vetted through a proper intelligence process (i.e.: properly collected, assessed, integrated, analyzed, disseminated intelligence.)

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

• In contrast the military has its own intelligence units manned by trained personnel and equipped with a variety of resources.
• Intelligence assumes top priority and a well defined doctrine exists that not only templates the techniques/tactics but is also amenable to further modifications with advancements in intelligence and as other mission-based requirements surface.

NEED FOR INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING

• State and local law enforcement intelligence application, in its current form, is unable to provide a uniformly credible and valuable intelligence capability or function.
• This lack of capability and function creates a knowledge gap in the threat domain that can potentially be exploited by criminals, criminal organizations, or terrorists.
• Hence the need for Intelligence in law enforcement, the need to recognize it as the FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE AGAINST TERRORISM

Intelligence Community

• Air force Intelligence
• Army Intelligence
• Central Intelligence Agency
• Coast Guard Intelligence
• Defense Intelligence Agency
• Department of Energy
• Department of Homeland Security
• Department of State

INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

• Department of Treasury
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Marine Corps Intelligence
• National Geo-Spatial Intelligence Agency
• National Reconnaissance Office
• National Security Agency
• Navy Intelligence

INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

1.Planning and Direction

2.Collection

3.Processing

4.Analysis and Production

5.Dissemination

FBI INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM

DEFINITION AND PROCESS OF THE FBI INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

• 1. REQUIREMENTS:
• Requirements are identified information needs – what we must know to safeguard the nation.
• Requirements are developed based on critical information required to protect the United States from National Security and criminal threats.

FBI INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM

• 2. PLANNING AND DIRECTION:
• Planning and direction is management of the entire effort from identifying the need for information to delivering the intelligence product to the consumer.
• It involves implementation plans to satisfy requirements levied on the FBI as well as identifying specific collection requirements based on FBI needs.
• Planning and direction is also responsive to the end of the cycle because current and finished intelligence, which supports decision making, generates new requirements.

FBI INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

• 3.PROCESSING AND EXPLOITATION:
• Processing and exploitation involves converting the vast amount of information collected to a form usable by analysts.
• This is done through a variety of methods including decryption, language translation, and data reduction.
• Processing includes the entering of raw data into databases where it can be exploited for use in the analysis process

FBI INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

• 4.ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION:
• Analysis and production is the converting of raw information into intelligence. It includes integrating, evaluating, and analyzing available data, and preparing intelligence products.
• The information's reliability, validity, and relevance is evaluated and weighed.
• The information is logically integrated, put in context, and used to produce intelligence. This includes both “raw” and “finished” intelligence. Raw intelligence is often referred to as “the dots”. …
• “Finished” intelligence reports “connect the dots” by putting information in context and drawing conclusions about its implications

FBI INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

• 5.DISSEMINATION:
• Dissemination…is the distribution of raw or finished intelligence to the consumers whose needs initiated the intelligence requirements. The FBI disseminates information in three standard products –
• FBI Intelligence Information Reports, FBI Intelligence Bulletins, and FBI Intelligence Assessments.
• FBI intelligence customers make decisions – operational, strategic, and policy , based on the information. These decisions may lead to the levying of more requirements, thus continuing the FBI intelligence cycle

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE

Law Enforcement Intelligence Critical Functions was developed to serve three different, yet related functions:

• Assist the law enforcement operational units to identify and understand the guidance they must provide to the intelligence unit supporting their operation or investigation.
• Assist the law enforcement intelligence unit to understand the types and forms of intelligence operational and investigative units require to perform their various law enforcement functions
• Assist the law enforcement mission managers in understand the functions of both enforcement and intelligence units, and how those units interact to provide a successfully law enforcement outcome.

Law enforcement intelligence(LEI)

The 2 important phases of LEI:

• 1.Operations Concept Development
• 2.Operations Plan Development

MISSION FUNCTIONS

Mission Functions of LEI include:

• 1.Develop Law enforcement mission statement and objectives
• 2.Identify courses of action in use and likely to be employed by the criminal group
• 3.Analyse and select one or more law enforcement courses of action
• Develop a law enforcement operations plan and required support plans.
• The first three constitute the Operations Concept Development phase, while the last one Operations Plan Development phase.

INTELLIGENCE PLANNING FUNCTIONS

Identify intelligence needs of the following”

• 1. Criminal capabilities
• 2. Targeting
• 3. Law enforcement courses of action
• 4. Indicators and Warning.

INTELLIGENCE REPORTS

From the previous Intelligence Planning Functions the following reports are generated:

• 1.Criminal capabilities assessment intelligence report
• 2.Targeting intelligence report
• 3.Intelligence collection report.
• Each of these Reports feed into the respective Mission functions elements

INTELLIGENCE REPORTS

Criminal capabilities assessment intelligence report identifies courses of action in use and likely to be employed by the criminal group

• Targeting intelligence report helps in analyzing and selecting one or more law enforcement courses of action and this along with…
• …Intelligence collection report helps in developing a Law Enforcement Operations Plan and required support plans.

Thank You

• Intelligence is the difference in preventing a terror attack and responding to a terror attack. In recent years experience has taught us that to keep our society safe we must have both a prevention program and a response program.
• This is the first in a series of training modules designed to address these needs and disciplines'.